Ethics

---

Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behaviour of a group or individuals.It is a study of what is right and what is wrong in human behaviour

Ethics are a structure of standards and practices that influence how people should lead their lives. It is not strictly implemented to follow these ethics, but it is basically for the benefit of everyone that we do.

Computer Ethics

---

In computer,it is a ethical responsibilities used to regulate the use of computer and how computer affect the society.

It is a set of moral standards that govern the use of computers. It is society’s views about the use of computers, both hardware and software. Privacy concerns, intellectual property rights and effects on society are some of the common issues of computer ethics.

Few ethical values in society are:

• Do not copy or use the software for which you have not paid
• Do not move the peripheral(device connected to the computer) from one place to another
• Do not browse unwanted websites
• Always protect your confidential data using passwords.
• Keep the backup of data,to avoid loss of data from any stealing or any natural calamities.

Intellectual Property Right

---

It refers to the legal rights given to the inventor or creator to protect his invention or creation for a certain period of time.These legal rights confer an exclusive right to the inventor/creator or his assignee to fully utilize his invention/creation for a given period of time.

It is the ownership of ideas by which the software is created using skills,mental work and money of an individuals.

Types of Intellectual Property Right

---

Copyright

A Copyright is an intellectual property right granted by a government that gives the owner exclusive right to use, with some limited exceptions, original expressive work.

Copyright law protects “work by authorship”. The Copyright Act states that works of authorship include the following types of works:-

• Literary works :- Novels, nonfiction prose, poetry, newspaper articles and newspapers, magazine etc
• Music works :- Songs, instruments and advertising jingles.
• Dramatic works :-Plays and operas.
• Pictorial, Graphics and sculptural works :- photographs, maps, painting, Drawings, graphics art, statues etc.

Trademark

A Trademark is a design, symbol, word or phrase that identifies the source of your products and distinguish them from the products of other companies

A Trademark must be a mark which includes a device, heading, brand, label, ticket, signature, word, letter, name, numeral, packaging or combination of colors or any combination of the above.

Patent

Patent is the right which is given to the software developers by the law to prohibit others to copy,use,distribute and modify the software.

Effects on Society

---

• Jobs-Some jobs have been abolished while some jobs have become simpler as computers have taken over companies and businesses. Things can now be done in just one click whereas before it takes multiple steps to perform a task. This change may be considered unethical as it limits the skills of the employees.
  • There are also ethical concerns on health and safety of employees getting sick from constant sitting, staring at computer screens and typing on the keyboard or clicking on the mouse.
• Environmental Impact -Environment has been affected by computers and the internet since so much time spent using computers increases energy usage which in turn increases the emission of greenhouse gases.
  • There are ways where we can save energy like limiting computer time and turning off the computer or putting on sleep mode when not in use. Buying energy efficient computers with Energy Star label can also help save the environment.
• Social Impact -Computers and the internet help people stay in touch with family and friends. Social media has been very popular nowadays.
  • Computer gaming influenced society both positively and negatively. Positive effects are improved hand-eye coordination, stress relief and improved strategic thinking. Negative effects are addiction of gamers, isolation from the real world and exposure to violence.
  • Computer technology helps the government in improving services to its citizens. Advanced database can hold huge data being collected and analysed by the government.
  • Computer technology aids businesses by automating processes, reports and analysis.

Cybercrime

---

It refers to any criminal activity carried out by the use of computer and the internet is called Cybercrime.

It is the use of computer technology for illegal purposes or for unauthorized access of the computer system with the intention of damaging,deleting or altering the data present in the computer without the permission of the actual user

Types of Cybercrime

---

Cyber Stalking

It is a crime in which attacker harrasses a victim by using electronic communication,such as an e-email,or messages posted to a website or a discussion group for the reason:of anger or,revenge,or control.

Attacker use internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass individual, group or a company

Cyber Terrorist

It is the act of conducting terorism through the use of computers and internet in order to cause fear and panic.Terrorist activity intended to damage or disrupt vital computer systems, personal or public property etc.

Cyber Extortion

It is a crime that involves an attack coupled with a demand for money to stop futher attacks.

Cyber Warfare

Cyber warfare is usually defined as a cyber attack or series of attacks that target a country.It has the potential to wreak havoc on government and civilian infrastructure and disrupt critical systems, resulting in damage to the state and even loss of life.

Cyber warfare typically involves a nation-state perpetrating cyber attacks on another, but in some cases, the attacks are carried out by terrorist organizations or non-state actors seeking to further the goal of a hostile nation.